[Electives] Restructure

electives/amr/parts/02_Sensors-Actuators/00_intro.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+\bi{Meas. Model}: $\vec{z} = \vec{h}(\vec{x}) + \vec{v} + \vec{o}$, with $\vec{h}(\vec{x})$ deterministic mean, 
+$\vec{v}$ zero-mean noise, $\vec{o}$ unmodelled effects, $\vec{x}$ true state
+
+\bi{Motor encoders} Typ. 64-2048 incrm. per rev; Estim. rot
+
+\bi{Rolling-Shutter} Most CMOS sensors don't take full image at once, need time stamp for each row

electives/amr/parts/02_Sensors-Actuators/01_gps.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+\subsection{GNSS}
+Need ultra-precise time sync ($c \approx 0.3\; m/ns$). \bi{Errors}
+\begin{itemize}
+    \item Multipath problem (signal bounce) (0.5 - 100m)
+    \item Ionosphere delays (10m)
+    \item Satellite pos. err, trop. delay (1m)
+\end{itemize}

electives/amr/parts/02_Sensors-Actuators/02_actuators.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+\subsection{Actuators}
+\bi{Hydraulic} {\color{ForestGreen} acc., easy control, power}; {\color{red} maint., speed, price}
+
+\bi{Pneumatic} {\color{ForestGreen} price, shock abs., speed}; {\color{red} acc., loud, maint.}
+
+\subsubsection{DC Motor}
+\begin{wrapfigure}[4]{r}{0.32\columnwidth}
+    \includegraphics[width=0.32\columnwidth]{assets/dc-motor.png}
+\end{wrapfigure}
+(Kirchoff) $U_a = L_a \dot{I_a} + R_a I_a + U_i$
+
+(Torque, Lorenz Force) $T = k_T I_a$
+
+(Induced V, Faraday) $U_i = k_i \omega$
+
+(Mech. pow. eq. el. pow)\\
+$U_i I_a = k_i \omega I_a = T_\omega = k_T I_a \omega \Rightarrow k_i = k_T =: k$

electives/amr/parts/02_Sensors-Actuators/03_cameras.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+\subsection{Cameras}
+\shortdefinition[Pinhole projection]
+$\begin{bmatrix}
+        u & v
+    \end{bmatrix}^\top
+    = \frac{f}{z}
+    \begin{bmatrix}
+        x & y
+    \end{bmatrix}^\top$
+with $f$ the distance to the lens and $z$ the full distance
+
+\newpage
+$u = c_u + f \cdot x'$ and $v = c_v + f \cdot y'$ where $x' = t_x \div t_z$ and $y' = t_y \div t_z$
+where $u, v$ are the pixel $x, y$ coords, $\vec{c} = [c_u, c_v]^\top$ is optical centre of cam in pixel coords, $f$ scale factor,
+and $\vec{{_C}\vec{t}_P} = [t_x, t_y, t_z]^\top$
+
+The full proj: $\vec{u} = \begin{bmatrix}
+        \lambda u \\
+        \lambda v \\
+        \lambda
+    \end{bmatrix}
+    =
+    \begin{bmatrix}
+        f & 0 & c_u \\
+        0 & f & c_v \\
+        0 & 0 & 1
+    \end{bmatrix}
+    \begin{bmatrix}
+        t_x \\t_y\\t_z
+    \end{bmatrix}
+    = \mat{K}\; {_C}\vec{t}_P$
+
+If p. in diff frame ${_W} \vec{t}_P$, then $\vec{u} = \mat{K}[\mat{R}_{CW}\; {_C}\vec{t}_{CW}] = {_W}\vec{t}_P$
+
+\subsubsection{Pinhole Camera Projection with distortion}
+\shortdefinition Model: $\vec{u} = \vec{k}(\vec{d}(\vec{p}({_C}\vec{t}_P)))$, with:
+
+(Projection) $\vec{x'} = \vec{p}({_C}\vec{t}_P) = t_z^{-1} \cdot [t_x, t_y]^\top$
+
+(Distortion model, $r^2 = x'^2 + y'^2$, $\vec{x''} = \vec{d}(\vec{x'})$\\
+$\vec{x''} = \! \frac{1 + k_1 r^2 + k_2 r^4 + k_3 r^6}{1 + k_4 r^2 + k_5 r^4 + k_6 r^6} \vec{x'}
+    + \begin{bmatrix}
+        2p_1 x' y' + p_2(r^2 + 2x'^2) \\
+        p_1 (r^2 + 2y'^2) + 2p_2 x'y'
+    \end{bmatrix}$
+
+(Scale and Centre) $\vec{u} = \vec{k}(\vec{x''}) = \text{diag}([f_u, f_v]) \cdot \vec{x''} + \vec{x}$
+
+All with $k_i$ radial distortion params, optional for $i > 2$, $p_i$ tang. dist. param, $f_u, f_v$ focal length in pixels
+
+\shade{green}{Inverse} ${_C}\vec{r} = [\vec{d}^{-1}(\vec{k^{-1}(\vec{u})}), 1]^\top$\\
+(To unit plane)
+$\vec{x''} = \vec{k}^{-1}(\vec{u}) = [f_u^{-1}, f_v^{-1}]^\top (\vec{u} - \vec{c})$
+
+(Un-distort)
+$\vec{x'} = \vec{d}^{-1}(\vec{x''})$ (usually comp. numerically)
+
+(Compute ray)
+${_C}\vec{r} = [\vec{x'}, 1]^\top$
+
+
+\subsubsection{Undestorting a whole image}
+$\vec{u}_i = \vec{k}(\vec{d}(\vec{k_{\text{new}}}^{-1}(\vec{u}_{i, \text{new}})))$
+where $\vec{u}_{i, \text{new}}$ is the place of pixel in output, $\vec{u}_i$ is the input
+
+\bi{Omnidir. Cam} undistortion model with $f(u, v) = \sum_{i = 0}^{N} a_i \rho^i$
+with $\rho = \sqrt{(u - c_u)^2 + (v - c_v)^2}$, $N = 4$ accurately describes it for most fisheye and catadioptric cameras

electives/amr/parts/02_Sensors-Actuators/04_depth-range.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+\subsection{Depth and Range sensing}
+\subsubsection{Triangulation-based}
+\bi{Struct. Light} Single cam, single projector: {\color{ForestGreen}Spatial acc}, {\color{red} no worky in bright light, interference with other IR depth cams}
+
+\bi{Active Stereo} 2 cams, 1 proj: {\color{ForestGreen} worky in bright light}, {\color{red} need stereo matching, less accurate, error grows with distance}
+
+
+\subsubsection{Classic Stereo}
+Both images: same plane, focal length, centre, $x$-axis. Given corresponding pixels $[u_l, v]$ and $[u_r, v]$,
+$z = \frac{b \cdot f}{u_r - u_l}$ with $u_l = f\cdot \frac{x}{z} + c_u$ and $u_r = f \cdot \frac{x - b}{z} + c_u$
+
+
+\subsubsection{Time of Flight, Projection}
+{\color{ForestGreen}No occlusions/shadows}, {\color{red}Interference with other dev, multipath leading to larger distances sensed}
+
+\bi{Proj.} $\vec{z} = \begin{bmatrix}
+        \vec{u} \\ d
+    \end{bmatrix} =
+    \begin{bmatrix}
+        \vec{k}(\vec{d}(\vec{p}({_C}\vec{t}_P))) \\
+        [0, 0, 1] {_c}\vec{t}_P
+    \end{bmatrix}$
+\bi{Back}: ${_C}\vec{t}_P
+    = \begin{bmatrix}
+        d \vec{x'} \\d
+    \end{bmatrix}$
+
+
+\subsubsection{Range Sensors}
+\bi{Ultrasonic} Typ. freq: 40kHz - 180kHz, Range: 12cm - 5m, Acc: $\approx$ 2cm, rel error $\approx$ 2\%
+{\color{ForestGreen} meas. for transp. surf., cheap(ish)}, {\color{red} Cone wider, reflect. angle dep, wind / currents}
+
+\bi{LiDAR} Time-of-Flight-based, {\color{ForestGreen}Accuracy, range, works in bright light}, {\color{red} Complex, expensive, one timestamp per measurement}.
+Typical Ranges: up to 100m