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17 lines
1.4 KiB
TeX
17 lines
1.4 KiB
TeX
Adaptive Radix Trees (ARTs) are mainly used to ensure primary key constraints and to speed up point and highly selective queries (selectivity <0.1\%).
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It can also be manually created using \texttt{CREATE INDEX} and are automatically created for columns with a \texttt{UNIQUE} or \texttt{PRIMARY KEY} constraint.
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The above applies to DuckDB, which is often similar to Postgres.
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ARTs are not balanced and the internal node size is modified to accommodate the data distribution, thus not requiring nodes to have fixed sizes, which would contain empty pointers.
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The internal node size however typically isn't \textit{entirely} variable, but often comes in four different sizes, facilitating traversal.
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Each node stores the keys and pointers to the next node to follow for a given key.
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Common optimizations includes path compression, where particularly with long keys, some nodes could potentially only contain a single pointer.
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These nodes can be collapsed and removed to make the tree smaller (i.e. the pointer in the parent is updated to directly point to the data instead).
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If required by insertions, nodes can be added as needed (akin to B+ trees).
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For speed, ART require indexed values to be binary-comparable.
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This can become an issue with data types such as signed numbers (extra bit for sign), strings (termination character) and nulls (must be mapped to a non-value sequence).
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Thus, the data needs to be transformed to be able to index it and search the tree.
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