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[EProg] Improve summary

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Janis Hutz
2026-01-31 15:22:37 +01:00
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semester1/eprog/eprog-janishutz.pdf
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semester1/eprog/eprog-janishutz.tex
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@@ -24,12 +24,20 @@
\item Specify all condtions for all the variables known through the pre and post-conditions, as far as applicable
\end{enumerate}
Also, all other variables that are being changed need to be addressed in the invariant, ensuring that the statements resolve to boolean when executed (\texttt{==} and not \texttt{=} for comparison (because valid Java Syntax required).
Also, all other variables that are being changed need to be addressed in the invariant, ensuring that the statements resolve to boolean when executed
(\texttt{==} and not \texttt{=} for comparison (because valid Java Syntax required)).
For the pre- and postconditions, ensure to also address ALL variables in the loop, even if it seems unnecessary.
\section{Mean things}
EProg is sadly known for testing your knowledge of the edge cases. Here are some common pitfalls at the exams.
The best way to prepare for the programming exam is to solve the programming exercises during the semester and solve a few of the old programming exams that are available.
To prepare for the theory, solve as many of the old exams as you can, as they can be completed, including correction, in under one hour.
\subsection{In EBNF}
\begin{itemize}
\item Unbalanced brackets

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semester1/eprog/parts/ebnf.tex
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@@ -97,13 +97,13 @@ We use boxes around them if we want to use them as literals, not as EBNF charact
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{\textit{Legal}}: A word is considered legal if there is a derivation of the character sequence
\item \textbf{\textit{Derivation}}: Sequence of derivation steps
\item \textbf{\textit{Derivation step}}:
\begin{itemize}
\item Replace rules with their definition (RHS)
\item \textit{Selection}: Select element in a selection
\item \textit{Option}: Choose whether to select an optional element
\item \textit{Repetition}: Decide on the number of repetitions of the element
\end{itemize}
\item \textbf{\textit{Derivation step}}:
\begin{itemize}
\item Replace rules with their definition (RHS)
\item \textit{Selection}: Select element in a selection
\item \textit{Option}: Choose whether to select an optional element
\item \textit{Repetition}: Decide on the number of repetitions of the element
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{terms}
@@ -112,17 +112,17 @@ We use boxes around them if we want to use them as literals, not as EBNF charact
\begin{notation}[]{Derivation}
\begin{itemize}
\item Derivation table
\begin{itemize}
\item First row is the entry rule
\item Last row is a sequence of characters
\item Transition between rows is a derivation step
\end{itemize}
\begin{itemize}
\item First row is the entry rule
\item Last row is a sequence of characters
\item Transition between rows is a derivation step
\end{itemize}
\item Derivation tree
\begin{itemize}
\item Root is the name of the entry rule
\item Leafs are characters
\item Connections are the derivation steps
\end{itemize}
\begin{itemize}
\item Root is the name of the entry rule
\item Leafs are characters
\item Connections are the derivation steps
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{notation}

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semester1/eprog/parts/java.tex
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@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
\newsection
\section{Peculiarities of Java}
\begin{itemize}
\item Automatic casting in additions works for all data types (including primitives)
\item Automatic casting in comparisons only works for \texttt{int} (as well as \texttt{short} and \texttt{long}, but with \texttt{long} we lose precision on conversion) to \texttt{double}
\item \texttt{Array.toString()} outputs the memory address.
\item \texttt{Class.toString()} is automatically called when outputing to stdout or casting to \texttt{string}.
\item \texttt{Arrays.toString()} outputs the array's elements with \texttt{.toString()} (if non-primitive), use \texttt{Arrays.deepToString()} to fix
\item \texttt{File} API is as ugly as a Zombie. Works as follows: \texttt{Scanner sc = new Scanner(new File('/path/to/file'));} then using normal Scanner api is possible (e.g. \texttt{sc.nextLine()})
\item \texttt{File} API is a bit weird.
Works as follows: \texttt{Scanner sc = new Scanner(new File('/path/to/file'));} then using normal Scanner api is possible (e.g. \texttt{sc.nextLine()})
\item Accessing \texttt{super}'s private fields is compiler error
\item Using an implicit constructor of \texttt{super} which has a different implementation causes a runtime, not compile time error.
\item Abstract class without methods is valid.
@@ -15,27 +15,31 @@
\item \texttt{super.x} fine, \texttt{super.super.x} not (compiler error)
\item \texttt{StackOverflow} error can be caught by try-catch
\item Method overloading instead of optional parameters
\item Incrementation of variable binds stronger than addition. If we have $x = 2$ and calculate \texttt{++x + x++}, we get $6$, $x = 4$, thus, we have $3 + 3$, as $x$ is first incremented, then added (pre-increment). $++x$ first increments, then the incremented value returned. $x++$ is first returned, then incremented.
\item Do-While Loops\dots I mean wtf (though they can come in handy if you want the loop body to always execute at least once)
\item We can change the visibility of a method of a class from not set to \textit{public}
\item We can cast a class to a super class if we then only call the methods also defined in said super class. If the method is overridden, the overridden method (the one from the sub-class) is called.
\item We can't cast to a subclass (which makes sense), but it's Runtime, not Compile time error (because Java's compiler does type erasing and hence can't check that. Pure idiocy)
\item Incrementation of variable binds stronger than addition.
If we have $x = 2$ and calculate \texttt{++x + x++}, we get $6$, $x = 4$, thus, we have $3 + 3$, as $x$ is first incremented, then added (pre-increment).
$++x$ first increments, then the incremented value returned. $x++$ is first returned, then incremented.
\item We can change the visibility of a method of a class from unset to \textit{public}
\item We can cast a class to a super class if we then only call the methods also defined in said super class.
If the method is overridden, the overridden method (the one from the sub-class) is called.
\item We can't cast to a subclass (which makes sense), but it's Runtime, not Compile time error
(because Java's compiler does type erasing and hence can't check that. Pure idiocy)
\item The compiler considers the reference type for an object reference when determining if \texttt{instanceof} is possible or not
\item Casting a class to a different class of a different branch causes an Exception, not a compile time error
\item Casting to an interface or class if there is a connection through a subclass (or subsubclass, \dots), runtime rather than compile time error.
\end{itemize}
The Reference type is the type that the reference has (also called \textit{static type}). Casting a pointer to a different type only changes the reference type, thus all the behvaiour making much more sense:
The Reference type is the type that the reference has (also called \textit{static type}).
Casting a pointer to a different type only changes the reference type, thus all the behvaiour making much more sense:
\begin{itemize}
\item Calling methods that are not defined on the reference type $\rightarrow$ Compile time error
\end{itemize}
\section{Actually resonable stuff in Java}
\section{Actually resonable stuff in Java}
\begin{itemize}
\item for, while, try-catch, typing
\item \texttt{for}, \texttt{while}, \texttt{do \dots while} (if you are unaware, it executes the body of the loop \textit{at least} once), \texttt{try-catch}, typing
\item Generics (apart from type erasure)
\item Automatic type casting exists (even though sorta weird)
\item Automatic type casting exists (even though they can be a bit weird initially)
\item Comparisons between incompatible types is compiler error
\item Chaining comparison operators not allowed (but boolean, i.e. \texttt{\&\&} and \texttt{||} is allowed)
\item Objects are passed by reference, primitives are copied
@@ -48,12 +52,14 @@ The Reference type is the type that the reference has (also called \textit{stati
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{Last four digits of int}: \texttt{number \% 10000}
\item \textbf{Decide if number is even}: \texttt{number \%} $2 = \begin{cases}
0 & \text{if number is even}\\
1 & \text{else}
\end{cases}$
0 & \text{if number is even} \\
1 & \text{else}
\end{cases}$
\item \textbf{Parenthesis}: Always use explicitly
\item \textbf{Casting}: \texttt{(double) 19 / 5} $= 3.8$ instead of $3$ ($19$ is cast to double, then auto-casting to double of 5 $\rightarrow$ division of doubles)
\item \textbf{Scanner}: \texttt{Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);}, then e.g. \texttt{int age = scanner.nextInt();}. It is safest to read input as string and then manually cast / convert to required types, as we can handle additional PEBCAK (Problem Exist Between Chair And Keyboard). This is done using \texttt{scanner.nextLine()}.
\item \textbf{Scanner}: \texttt{Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);}, then e.g. \texttt{int age = scanner.nextInt();}.
It is safest to read input as string and then manually cast / convert to required types, as we can handle additional PEBCAK (Problem Exist Between Chair And Keyboard).
This is done using \texttt{scanner.nextLine()}.
\item \textbf{Random}: \texttt{Random.nextInt(n)} returns a random number in $[1, n]$
\item \textbf{De Morgan's Rules}: Use them for inverting the expression (but also kinda unnecessary)
\item \textbf{Off-by-one errors}: Try to run through with small iteration counts and check edge cases
@@ -66,31 +72,31 @@ The Reference type is the type that the reference has (also called \textit{stati
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcc}
\toprule
\textbf{Points} & \textbf{Abstract class} & \textbf{Interface}\\
\textbf{Points} & \textbf{Abstract class} & \textbf{Interface} \\
\midrule
Abstract methods & \checkmark & \checkmark\\
Concrete methods & \checkmark & X\\
Static methods & \checkmark & \checkmark\\
Inheritance count & 1 only & multiple\\
Access modifiers & Any & None\\
Variables & Member allowed & All \texttt{public static final}\\
Instantiation possible & X & X\\
Abstract methods & \checkmark & \checkmark \\
Concrete methods & \checkmark & X \\
Static methods & \checkmark & \checkmark \\
Inheritance count & 1 only & multiple \\
Access modifiers & Any & None \\
Variables & Member allowed & All \texttt{public static final} \\
Instantiation possible & X & X \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{Comparison of abstract classes and interfaces}
\end{table}
Abstract classes are used when there is a default implementation of a method that is expected not to be overridden and a different class should only inherit this class and not combine, in any other case Interface, since it's more flexible.
Abstract classes are used when there is a default implementation of a method that is expected not to be overridden and a different class should only inherit this class
and not combine, in any other case Interface, since it's more flexible.
\newsection
\section{Maps, Lists \& Sets}
\subsection{Maps}
Similar to plain objects in TS, \texttt{Map<KeyType, ValueType> map = new HashMap<KeyType, ValueType>();}.
Similar to plain objects in \texttt{TypeScript}, or dictionaries in \texttt{Python}, \texttt{Map<KeyType, ValueType> map = new HashMap<KeyType, ValueType>();}.
\subsection{Lists}
Work similarly to \textsc{Arrays}, but are dynamic size (like Vectors in Rust). Usually, we use \textsc{ArrayList}, but \textsc{Stack} and \textsc{Queue} also implement this interface.
Work similarly to \textsc{Arrays}, but are dynamic size (like Vectors in Rust, Lists in Python and Arrays in JavaScript / TypeScript).
Usually, we use \textsc{ArrayList}, but \textsc{Stack} and \textsc{Queue} also implement this interface.
\texttt{List<Type> list = new ArrayList<Type>();}
\subsection{Sets}
@@ -99,12 +105,13 @@ Work similarly to \textsc{Arrays}, but are dynamic size (like Vectors in Rust).
\subsection{Different implementations}
\textsc{Maps} \& \textsc{Sets} share similar implementations for the interfaces.
\textsc{Maps} \& \textsc{Sets} share similar implementations for the interfaces.
A \textsc{TreeSet} / \textsc{TreeMap} is based on a binary tree and a class \texttt{E} has to implement \texttt{Comparable<E>} (i.e. the \texttt{compare} method). \timecomplexity $\tco{\log(n)}$
A \textsc{HashSet} / \textsc{HashMap} uses a hash table (a table that stores a reference to an object of which a hash was computed). The order of elements is not guaranteed and not predictable from system to system \timecomplexity $\tco{1}$.
A \textsc{LinkedHashSet} / \textsc{LinkedHashMap} work similarly to \textsc{HashSet} / \textsc{HashMap}, but the order is maintained (i.e. output in the order the elements were added). \timecomplexity $\tco{1}$
A \textsc{TreeSet} / \textsc{TreeMap} is based on a binary tree and a class \texttt{E} has to implement \texttt{Comparable<E>}
(i.e. the \texttt{compare} method). \timecomplexity $\tco{\log(n)}$
A \textsc{HashSet} / \textsc{HashMap} uses a hash table (a table that stores a reference to an object of which a hash was computed).
The order of elements is not guaranteed and not predictable from system to system \timecomplexity $\tco{1}$.
A \textsc{LinkedHashSet} / \textsc{LinkedHashMap} work similarly to \textsc{HashSet} / \textsc{HashMap}, but the order is maintained
(i.e. output in the order the elements were added). \timecomplexity $\tco{1}$