diff --git a/semester4/ps/ps-rb/main.pdf b/semester4/ps/ps-rb/main.pdf index be1ce27..5318e6f 100644 Binary files a/semester4/ps/ps-rb/main.pdf and b/semester4/ps/ps-rb/main.pdf differ diff --git a/semester4/ps/ps-rb/parts/03_expectation.tex b/semester4/ps/ps-rb/parts/03_expectation.tex index 1ff199f..6836b0f 100644 --- a/semester4/ps/ps-rb/parts/03_expectation.tex +++ b/semester4/ps/ps-rb/parts/03_expectation.tex @@ -28,14 +28,15 @@ $$ \subtext{$X: \Omega \to \R,\quad W \cleq \N,\quad \phi: \R \to \R$} \begin{center} - \begin{tabular}{l|l} - $\text{Ber}(p)$ & $\E[X] = p$ \\ - $\text{Poisson}(\lambda)$ & $\E[X] = \lambda$ \\ - $\text{Bin}(n,p)$ & $\E[X] = n\cdot p$ \\ + \begin{tabular}{l|l|l} + $\text{Ber}(p)$ & $\E[X] = p$ & $\V[X] = p(1-p)$\\ + $\text{Poisson}(\lambda)$ & $\E[X] = \lambda$ & $\V[X] = \lambda$\\ + $\text{Bin}(n,p)$ & $\E[X] = n\cdot p$ & $\V[X] = np(1-p)$\\ $\mathbb{I}_A$ & $\E[\mathbb{I}_A] = \P[A]$ \\ \end{tabular} \end{center} +\newpage \subsection{Stetiger Erwartungswert} \definition \textbf{Erwartungswert} (stetig) @@ -43,3 +44,129 @@ $$ \E[X] = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} x \cdot f(x)\ dx $$ \subtext{$X: \Omega \to \R,\quad f(x) \text{ Dichtefunktion}$} + +\theorem \textbf{Linearität} +\begin{align*} + \text{(i)} &\quad \E[\lambda X] &=& \lambda \E[X] \\ + \text{(ii)} &\quad \E[X + Y] &=& \E[X] + \E[Y] +\end{align*} +\subtext{$X,Y:\Omega\to\R,\quad\lambda\in\R$} + +\theorem \textbf{Monotonie} +$$ + X \leq Y \implies \E[X] \leq \E[Y] +$$ + +\theorem \textbf{Multiplikation}\\ +\smalltext{$X,Y$ unabhängig} +$$ + \E[X \cdot Y] = \E[X]\cdot\E[Y] +$$ + +\theorem \textbf{Dichtefunktion bei Abbildungen}\\ +\smalltext{$\phi:\R\to\R$ stückweise stetig, beschränkt} +$$ + f \text{ Dichte von } X \iff \E[\phi(X)] = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\phi(x)f(x)\ dx +$$ +\subtext{$f:\R\to\R_+$ s.d. $\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}f(x\ dx = 1)$} + +\theorem \textbf{Unabhängigkeit} (durch Abbildungen)\\ +\smalltext{$\forall \phi,\psi:\R\to\R$ stückweise stetig, beschränkt} +$$ + X,Y \text{ unabh.} \iff \E[\phi(X)\psi(Y)] = \E[\phi(X)]\cdot\E[\psi(Y)] +$$ +\subtext{Auch verallgemeinert für $X_1,\ldots,X_n$, $\phi_1,\ldots,\phi_n$} + +\newpage +\subsection{Ungleichungen} + +\theorem \textbf{Markov}\\ +\smalltext{$X \geq 0,\quad g: X(\Omega)\to[0,\infty)$ wachsend} +$$ + \forall c \in \R \text{ s.d. } g(c)>0:\qquad \P[X \geq c] \leq \frac{\E[g(X)]}{g(c)} +$$ + +\theorem \textbf{Jensen}\\ +\smalltext{$\phi:\R\to\R$ konvex,$\quad \E[\phi(X)],\E[X]$ wohldefiniert} +$$ + \phi\Bigl(\E[X]\Bigr)\leq\E\Bigl[\phi(X)\Bigr] +$$ + +\lemma \textbf{Dreiecksungleichung}\\ +\subtext{Jensen mit $\phi(X) = |X|$ und $\phi(X) = X^2$} +$$ + \Bigl\vert\E[X]\Bigr\vert\leq\E\Bigl[\vert X\vert\Bigr] \qquad \E[|X|] \leq \sqrt{\E[X^2]} +$$ + +\theorem \textbf{Chebychev}\\ +\subtext{$Y$ s.d. $\V[Y] < \infty,\quad c>0$} +$$ + \P\Bigl[ |Y-\E[Y]| \geq c \Bigr] \leq \frac{\V[Y]}{c^2} +$$ + +\newpage +\subsection{Varianz} + +\definition \textbf{Varianz}\\ +\subtext{$\E[X^2]<\infty$} +$$ + \mathbb{V}[X] := \E\Bigl[ (X - \E[X])^2 \Bigr] +$$ +\definition \textbf{Standardabweichung} +$$ + \rho(X) := \sqrt{\mathbb{V}[X]} +$$ +{\scriptsize + \notation Auch $\rho, \rho_X$ +} + +\lemma \textbf{Varianz} (Alternativ) +$$ + \mathbb{V}[X] = \E[X^2]-\E[X]^2 +$$ + +\lemma \textbf{Eigenschaften} +\begin{align*} + \text{(i)} &\quad \V[X] \geq 0 \\ + \text{(ii)} &\quad \V[aX] = a^2\V[X] \\ + \text{(iii)} &\quad \V[X+a] = \V[X] +\end{align*} + +\lemma \textbf{Addition} (Unabhängigkeit)\\ +\smalltext{$X_1,\ldots,X_n$ paarweise unabhängig} +$$ + \V\Biggl[ \sum_{k=1}^{n}X_k \Biggr] = \sum_{k=1}^{n}\V[X_k] +$$ + +\newpage +\subsection{Kovarianz} + +\definition \textbf{Kovarianz}\\ +\subtext{$X,Y$ s.d. $\E[X^2],\E[Y^2]<\infty$} +$$ + \text{cov}(X,Y) := \E\Bigl[ (X-\E[X])\cdot(Y-\E[Y]) \Bigr] +$$ + +\lemma \textbf{Kovarianz} (Alternativ) +$$ + \text{cov}(X,Y) = \E[XY] - \E[X]\E[Y] +$$ + +\remark $\text{cov}(X,X) = \V[X]$ + +\lemma $X,Y$ unabh. $\implies \text{cov}(X,Y)=0$\\ +\subtext{Nicht umgekehrt gültig} +% Gegenbeispiel: Slides p.240 + +\lemma \textbf{Eigenschaften von} $\text{cov}$ + +\definition \textbf{Kovarianzmatrix} +$$ + \Sigma = \text{cov}(\textbf{X}) = \begin{bmatrix} + \V[X_1] & \text{cov}(X_1,X_2) & \cdots & \text{cov}(X_1,X_n) \\ + \text{cov}(X_2,X_1) & \text{cov}(X_2,X_2) & \cdots & \text{cov}(X_2,X_n) \\ + \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ + \text{cov}(X_n,X_1) & \text{cov}(X_n,X_2) & \cdots & \text{cov}(X_n,X_n) + \end{bmatrix} +$$ +\subtext{$\textbf{X} = (X_1,\ldots,X_n)^\top$} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/semester4/ps/ps-rb/util/helpers.tex b/semester4/ps/ps-rb/util/helpers.tex index 4f998c9..0094575 100644 --- a/semester4/ps/ps-rb/util/helpers.tex +++ b/semester4/ps/ps-rb/util/helpers.tex @@ -60,6 +60,8 @@ \def \P{\mathbb{P}} \def \F{\mathcal{F}} \def \E{\mathbb{E}} +\def \I{\mathbb{I}} +\def \V{\mathbb{V}} % Titles \def \definition{\colorbox{lightgray}{Def} }